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CAS No.: | 53-84-9 |
Formula: | Ohfg |
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.[3] Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other, nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen), respectively.
In cellular metabolism, NAD is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another, so it is found in two forms: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent, accepting electrons from other molecules and becoming reduced; with H+, this reaction forms NADH, which can be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. It is also used in other cellular processes, most notably as a substrate of enzymes in adding or removing chemical groups to or from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.
In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from either tryptophan or aspartic acid, each a case of an amino acid. Alternatively, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from nutritive compounds such as nicotinic acid; similar compounds are produced by reactions that break down the structure of NAD, providing a salvage pathway that recycles them back into their respective active form.
Some NAD is converted into the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), whose chemistry largely parallels that of NAD, though its predominant role is as a coenzyme in anabolic metabolism.
Peptides are composed of amino acids linked together by Peptides. The smallest Peptides can consist of three amino acids, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Most Peptides can be made up of dozens or even hundreds of amino acids. The primary secretion organs for Peptides are the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland; however, Peptides have also been found in other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, brain tissue, lungs, and heart. Peptides are a type of endogenous substance that consists of protein chains containing polypeptide compounds. Examples of Peptides include thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Peptides and its analogs, Peptides and its analogs, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropins, Peptides and its analogs, Peptides-like Peptides, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone.
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